Contains 50 accepted taxa overall.
Characteristics
Classification
Citation
EUPHORBIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 450. 1753.
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TYPE: Euphorbia antiquorum Linnaeus 1753. Typified by Millspaugh, Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306. 1909.
Species
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Herbarium Specimens | Status | Photos |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Euphorbia blodgettii | LIMESTONE SANDMAT | Native | ||
| Euphorbia bombensis | DIXIE SANDMAT | Native | ||
| Euphorbia commutata | TINTED WOODLAND SPURGE; WOOD SPURGE | Native Rare-State FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia conferta | EVERGLADE KEY SANDMAT | Native | ||
| Euphorbia cordifolia | HEARTLEAF SANDMAT | Native | ||
| Euphorbia cumulicola | COASTAL DUNE SANDMAT; SAND DUNE SPURGE | Native Rare-State | ||
| Euphorbia curtisii | CURTIS' SPURGE | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia cyathophora | PAINTEDLEAF; FIRE-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia deltoidea subsp. deltoidea | WEDGE SANDMAT; ROCKLAND SPURGE | Native Rare-State Endangered-US | ||
| Euphorbia deltoidea subsp. pinetorum | PINELAND SANDMAT | Native Rare-State | ||
| Euphorbia deltoidea subsp. serpyllum | WEDGE SANDMAT | Native Rare-State | ||
| Euphorbia dentata | TOOTHED SPURGE | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia discoidalis | SUMMER SPURGE | Native | ||
| Euphorbia exserta | COASTAL SPURGE | Native | ||
| Euphorbia floridana | GREATER FLORIDA SPURGE | Native | ||
| Euphorbia garberi | GARBER'S SANDMAT; GARBER'S SPURGE | Native Rare-State Threatened-US | ||
| Euphorbia graminea | GRASSLEAF SPURGE | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia hammeri | Native | |||
| Euphorbia heterophylla | FIDDLER'S SPURGE; MEXICAN FIREPLANT | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia hirta | PILLPOD SANDMAT | Native UPL (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia humistrata | SPREADING SANDMAT | Native FACW (NWPL) FACW (DEP) | ||
| Euphorbia hypericifolia | GRACEFUL SANDMAT | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia hyssopifolia | HYSSOPLEAF SANDMAT | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia inundata var. garrettii | Native | |||
| Euphorbia inundata var. inundata | FLORIDA PINELAND SPURGE | Native FACW (NWPL) FACW (DEP) | ||
| Euphorbia lasiocarpa | ROADSIDE SANDMAT | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia maculata | SPOTTED SANDMAT | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia marginata | SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN | Not Native UPL (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia mendezii | MENDEZ'S SANDMAT | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia mesembrianthemifolia | COASTAL BEACH SANDMAT | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia milii | CROWN-OF-THORNS; CHRISTPLANT | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia nutans | EYEBANE | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia ogdenii | ||||
| Euphorbia ophthalmica | FLORIDA HAMMOCK SANDMAT | Native | ||
| Euphorbia pergamena | SOUTHERN FLORIDA SANDMAT; ROCKLANDS SPURGE | Native Threatened-State | ||
| Euphorbia pinetorum | PINELAND SPURGE; EVERGLADES POINSETTIA | Native Rare-State | ||
| Euphorbia polygonifolia | SEASIDE SANDMAT | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia polyphylla | LESSER FLORIDA SPURGE | Native FACU (NWPL) FACW (DEP) | ||
| Euphorbia porteriana | PORTER'S SANDMAT; PORTER'S SPURGE | Native Rare-State FACW (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia prostrata | PROSTRATE SANDMAT | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia pubentissima | FALSE FLOWERING SPURGE | Native | ||
| Euphorbia rosescens | SCRUB SPURGE | Native Rare-State | ||
| Euphorbia serpens | MATTED SANDMAT | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia serpillifolia | THYMELEAF SANDMAT | Not Native | ||
| Euphorbia spathulata | WARTY SPURGE; PRAIRIE SPURGE | Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia telephioides | TELEPHUS SPURGE | Native Rare-State Threatened-US | ||
| Euphorbia thymifolia | GULF SANDMAT | Native FAC (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia tirucalli | PENCIL TREE; INDIAN TREE SPURGE | Not Native FACU (NWPL) | ||
| Euphorbia tithymaloides subsp. smallii | JACOB'S LADDER; DEVIL'S BACKBONE; REDBIRD FLOWER | Native | ||
| Euphorbia trichotoma | SANDDUNE SPURGE | Native |
Identification Key
1. Stems spiny (sect. Goniostema, subg. Euphorbia)
1. Stems without spines
2
2. Trees; stems succulent, with few or no leaves (sect. Tirucalli, subg. Euphorbia)
2. Herbs to shrubs; stems succulent or not, generally leafy (if not leafy, then stem ziz-zag)
3
3. Stems zig-zag and succulent; involucres strongly zygomorphic, spurred and forming tube that encloses glands (sect. Crepidaria, subg. Euphorbia, formerly of genus Pedilanthus)
3. Stems succulent or not, not zig-zag; involucres mostly actinomorphic, not spurred
4
4. Leaves alternate to opposite, mostly symmetric at the base, the larger blades usually >2 cm long (if smaller, then some leaves alternate); stipules at base of petiole or absent
5
4. Leaves all opposite, usually conspicuously asymmetric especially near the base, the blades <3.5 cm long, <1.5 cm wide; stipules interpetiolar (sect. Anisophyllum, subg. Chamaesyce, formerly of genus Chamaesyce)
5. Leaf blades subtending inflorescence often pale green, white, pink, or red at the base or throughout the blade (sect. Poinsettia, subg. Chamaesyce, formerly of genus Poinsettia)
5. Leaf blades subtending inflorescence uniform in color (or with white margins in E. marginata)
6
6. Stems often relatively thin, gracile, 0.5-3 mm thick, often with relatively long internodes exceeding the leaves; stipules mostly minute and glanduliform, rarely subulate-filiform; (2-)5(-10) glands per cyathium, the glands usually with petaloid appendages (sect. Alectoroctonum, subg. Chamaesyce)
6. Stems relatively thick, stout, 2-5 mm thick, often with relatively short internodes shorter than the leaves; 4-5(-7) glands per cyathium, the glands without petaloid appendages or with horn-like appendages
7
7. Larger leaf blades >2 cm long; stipules minute to elongate, glandular; seeds ecarunculate (sect. Nummulariopsis, subg. Euphorbia)
7. Larger leaf blades <4 cm long; stipules usually absent; seeds usually carunculate
8
8. Leaf blade serrulate, venation conspicuous (sect. Helioscopia, subg. Esula)
8. Leaf blade entire, venation obscure (sect. Paralias, subg. Esula)
1. Key A (sect. Anisophyllum, subg. Chamaesyce) Leaves mostly ascending and imbricate, the blade often involute; usually restricted to shoreline habitats
1. Leaves mostly spreading and not imbricate, the blade flat, revolute, to involute; habitats various, from inland to shoreline habitats
2
2. Larger leaf blades usually 10-45 mm long, 4-15 mm wide, generally elliptic to rhombic, typically with evident lateral basal veins
3
2. Larger leaf blades 2-10 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, generally elliptic to ovate, lateral basal veins usually obscure or absent
9
3. Ovary and fruit pubescent
4
3. Ovary and fruit glabrous
7
4. Leaf blades mostly entire to roughened, teeth inconspicuous; cyathia solitary or in small, cymose clusters at distal nodes, on congested, axillary branches, or at branch tips
4. Leaf blades mostly conspicuously serrate to dentate; cyathia in capitate glomerules (with reduced, bractlike leaves subtending cyathia)
5
5. Stems pilose to tomentose; stipules distinct when young, connate into deltate scales when older, often with dark glands along margins or at base; styles 0.6–0.9 mm; seeds plumply ovoid, 0.7–0.8 mm wide, dark reddish brown to almost black
5. Stems usually both strigillose and hirsute; stipules distinct or connate only at base, deltate, subulate, or linear- or filiform-subulate, without dark glands along margins or at base; styles 0.1–0.6 mm; seeds narrowly ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 0.5–0.7 mm wide, not dark reddish brown to almost black
6
6. Glomerules of cyathia terminal or axillary, axillary glomerules sessile or at tips of elongated, leafless stalks; petaloid gland appendages white to pink, flabellate, subcircular, or transversely oblong, rarely absent, (0–)0.1–0.6 × (0–)0.1–0.7 mm
6. Glomerules of cyathia terminal on main stems or on short, leafy, axillary branches with reduced, bractlike leaves; petaloid gland appendages absent or white to pink, forming thin rim around edge of gland or oblong, 0.1–0.2 × 0.1–0.3 mm
7. Stems sparsely to moderately pilose to villous or with short, incurved hairs, pubescence often concentrated at nodes and distally (hairs occasionally in 2 bands along opposite sides of stem); leaf blades usually sparsely to moderately pilose, especially toward base, sometimes glabrous; seeds finely and irregularly wrinkled or with indistinct shallow, rounded cross ridges
7. Stems glabrous, sparsely to densely pilose, or pilose-crinkled proximally, usually glabrous distally; leaf blades glabrous or sparsely pilose toward base; seeds with prominent transverse ridges, coarsely and inconspicuously pitted-reticulate, or with shallow irregular depressions alternating with low, smooth ridges
8
8. Stipules 1.5-2.2 mm long, longer than wide; capsules 1-1.5 mm long or wide; seeds 0.9-1.1 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide
8. Stipules 0.5-1 mm long, usually wider than long; capsules 1.5-1.8 mm long or wide; seeds 1-1.4 mm long, 0.7-1.1 mm wide
9. Leaf blades mostly deltate to ovate, rarely elliptic, often cordate at the base, often revolute, usually 1-1.5 times longer than wide; restricted to pine rocklands
10
9. Leaf blades mostly oblong, elliptic, narrowly ovate, to oblate-orbicular, mostly rounded, cuneate, to truncate at the base, flat to revolute, usually 1.5-5.5 times longer than wide (or 1-2 times longer than wide and occasionally cordate at the base in E. serpens); habitats various including sandy soils, disturbed areas, and pine rocklands
13
10. Leaves and stems villous-hirsute, hairs straight and spreading, to 0.7 mm long; leaf blades silver-green
10. Leaves and stems villous, canescent, to glabrate, hairs appressed, uncinate, or irregularly twisted, to 0.5 mm long; leaf blades green to silver-green
11
11. Leaves and stems glabrous or very sparsely hairy, hairs 0.1–0.2 mm, appressed, uncinate; leaf blades adaxially bright green
11. Leaves and stems canescent or villous, hairs either less than 0.1 mm or 0.2–0.5 mm, uncinate or irregularly twisted; leaf blades green or silver-green
12
12. Leaves and stems villous, hairs uncinate or irregularly twisted, 0.2–0.5 mm; leaf blades green
12. Leaves and stems canescent, hairs less than 0.1 mm; leaf blades silver-green
13. Ovary and fruit pubescent
14
13. Ovary and fruit glabrous
22
14. Petaloid gland appendages of a cyathium strongly unequal, often one pair >2 times as large as the other pair
15
14. Petaloid gland appendages of a cyathium subequal or scarcely unequal, appendages inconspicuous or absent
17
15. Stem hairs mostly spreading and exserted, pilose to hirsute; petaloid appendages pink to reddish
15. Stem hairs mostly appressed, ascending, curled, or short, strigose, sericeous, to tomentulose; petaloid appendages white to pink
16
16. Leaf blade surface puberulent, strigose, to sericeous; cyathial gland oblong to reniform; petaloid appendages 0.3-1 mm long, 0.8-1.6 mm wide; capsules well exserted from involucre at maturity; seeds with 3 or 4 transverse sulci alternating with low transverse ridges
16. Leaf blade surface glabrous to sparsely tomentulose; cyathial gland elliptic to oval; petaloid appendages to 0.4 mm long or wide; capsules scarcely exserted from involucre, base often remaining inside the involucre and splitting one side of it during maturity; seeds with 4 low transverse ridges, but not sulcate
17. Root rather thick, to 5 mm wide; stems ascending to ascending-erect, becoming woody towards the base, younger stems usually pubescent on all sides
17. Root slender to 3 mm wide, stems prostrate, decumbent, to ascending, herbaceous to somewhat woody towards the base, younger stems pubescent on the upper side and glabrate below
18
18. Stems often rooting at the nodes
18. Stems usually without adventitious roots
19
19. Capsules usually with pubescence concentrated along keels or toward base, often glabrous between keels
20
19. Capsules mostly evenly hairy or pubescence at least not concentrated only along keels and base, not glabrous between keels
21
20. Plant hairs to 0.6 mm long; petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, ovaries, and capsules glabrous or sparsely sericeous, pilose, or villous; seeds reddish brown to orange or gray-pink, almost smooth or with faint transverse ridges
20. Plant hairs to 0.3 mm long; petioles, leaf blade abaxial surfaces, ovaries, and capsules crisped-villous to glabrate; seeds white but with barely concealed brown surface beneath, with sharp transverse ridges;
21. Leaf blades usually entire or the teeth obscure; styles clavate, bifid at the apex, 0.3-0.4 mm long; capsules well exserted from involucre at maturity; seeds 1-1.2 mm long
21. Leaf blades typically conspicuously toothed; styles slender, bifid half the length, 0.4-0.6 mm long; capsules scarcely exserted from involucre, base often remaining inside involucre and splitting one side of it during maturity; seeds 0.7-0.9 mm long
22. Stipules (at least those of upper side of stem) connate, forming deltate, ligulate, or ovate scales
23
22. Stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally, not forming conspicuous, deltate, ligulate, or ovate scales
25
23. Stems erect to ascending
24
23. Stems prostrate to decumbent
26
24. Leaf blades (2.2)3.0-6.0(-8.3) times longer than wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear elliptic, 1-veined, glands of the cyathia narrower than or equal to the gland appendages in radial dimension; cyathia, glands, gland appendages, capsules, and stems light to deep red to purple; mainland southern Florida
24. Leaf blades 0.01-3.0(3.5) times longer than wide, ovate to lanceolate, 1- to 3-veined, glands of the cyathia radially wider than the gland appendages; cyathia, glands, gland appendages, capsules, and stems light green to light red; mainland southern Florida, or Florida Keys
25
25. Leaf blades (1.0)1.8-2.5(3.5) times longer than wide, 1-veined to weakly 3-veined, the apex acute; glands of the cyathia 0.4-0.6 mm wide; Florida Keys
25. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 1.0-1.7(2) times longer than wide, 3-veined, the apex obtuse to rounded; glands of the cyathia 0.6-1.0 mm wide; mainland southern Florida
26. Stems prostrate to decumbent; petaloid gland appendages unequal (pair near sinus lunate to oblong, 0.1–0.2 × 0.1–0.3 mm, distal margins entire, crenulate, or irregularly sinuate, other pair rudimentary, 0–0.1 × 0.1–0.3 mm, distal margins crenulate or entire)
26. Stems prostrate; petaloid gland appendages equal, forming narrow rim at edge of gland, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm, distal margins entire or crenulate
27. Leaf blades toothed
27. Leaf blades mostly entire or the teeth obscure
28
28. Seeds (2–)2.2–2.8 mm, weakly dorsiventrally compressed in cross section
28. Seeds 0.7–2.1 mm, terete to bluntly sub- or 3-angled in cross section
29
29. Leaf blades 1-2 times longer than wide, generally broadly elliptic to ovate-oblong, often cordate at the base, generally not involutely folded along the midrib; styles 0.5-0.8 mm long
29. Leaf blades 1.5-3.5 times longer than wide, generally elliptic and rounded to subcordate at the base, often involutely folded along the midrib; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long
30
30. Leaf blades oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2-3 mm wide; petaloid gland appendages (0–)0.1–0.5(–0.7) mm; seeds 1.5-1.9 mm long
30. Leaf blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 1-2 mm wide; petaloid gland appendages 0.1–0.2 mm, often rudimentary; seeds 1–1.3 mm
1. Key B (sect. Poinsettia) Leaves mostly opposite to subopposite, occasionally some alternate, the blade margins mostly regularly crenate-dentate; caruncle of the seed 0.4-0.6 mm wide
1. Leaves primarily alternate, occasionally a few opposite near the base, the blade margins entire, subentire, lobate, or obscurely serrulate; caruncle of the seed absent or to 0.1 mm wide
2
2. Leaf blades 0.8-7 mm wide, linear (very rarely lobed), lateral veins not evident; cyathium often with purplish colors throughout, rarely without; glands (1-)3-5 per cyathium, reddish or purplish (rarely green)
2. Leaf blades 2-100 mm wide, linear to obovate, sometimes lobed, lateral veins usually evident; cyathium generally lacking purplish colors; gland 1(-2) per cyathium, yellow-green
3
3. Leaf blades subtending the inflorescence (pleiochasial bracts) white to red at the base to throughout, rarely only green; cyathial gland elliptic to oblong; seed rounded in cross-section
3. Leaf blades subtending the inflorescence (pleiochasial bracts) white to green at the base; cyathial gland circular; seed angular in cross-section
1. Key C (sect. Alectoroctonum, subg. Chamaesyce) Short-lived plants mostly of disturbed sites, the taproot grading into the main stem
2
1. Perennial plants mostly of woodlands, the main root thicker than the main stems
3
2. Usually some proximal leaf blades toothed; inflorescence bracts without conspicuous white margins
2. Leaf blades entire; bracts below inflorescence with conspicuous white margins or nearly wholly white
3. Leaves usually numerous and overlapping along the whole stem below the inflorescence branches of mature plants; leaves 0.5-2 mm wide
3. Often at least some portion of the main stem conspicuously with few to no leaves below the inflorescence branches of mature plants; larger leaves 2-30 mm wide
4
4. Peduncles 10–50(–70) mm; petaloid gland appendages absent or inconspicuous, 0–0.2 mm wide
4. Peduncles 1–17(-40) mm; petaloid gland appendages usually apparent, 0.3–3.5(–4.5) mm wide
4
5. Petaloid gland appendages 0.3–0.6 mm long
5. Petaloid gland appendages (0.5–)1–3.5 mm long
6
6. Stem usually densely puberulent to sericeous, rarely glabrous; leaf blade 1-4 mm wide; seed 2 mm long
6. Stem usually glabrous, rarely villous; leaf blade 2-30 mm wide; seed 2.2-2.4 mm long
1. Key D (sect. Nummulariopsis, subg. Euphorbia) Larger leaf blades usually >9 mm wide, the blade apex rounded to obtuse (sometimes with a mucro)
2
1. Larger leaf blades usually <14 mm wide, the blade apex acute
3
2. Involucre 2.4–3.6 × 2.5–3.6 mm; cyathial glands yellow-green, sometimes with a light red margin; styles 3.3–3.6 mm, connate 1/2 length
2. Involucre 1.3–2.3 × 1.6–2.5 mm; cyathial glands dark purple; styles (1–)1.3–1.5 mm, connate 1/4 length
3. Peduncles (except for that of 1st cyathium at base of pleiochasia) 2–5 mm long; cyathial lobes green; seeds depressed-globose, wider than long
3. Peduncles 6–24 mm long; cyathial lobes reddish along the apex; seeds ovoid-globose, longer than wide
4
4. Leaf blades narrowly linear, linear, or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5(–4.5) mm wide, length 15–20(–50) times width
4. Leaf blades usually linear to narrowly elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, (3–)4–14(–15) mm wide, length usually 5–10(–25) times width
Genus Synonyms
| Synonym | Full Citation | Basionym | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adenopetalum | Adenopetalum Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250. 1860, non Turczaninow 1858. | TYPE: Adenopetalum gramineum (Jacquin) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia graminea Jacquin 1763.) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 48. 1939. | |
| Adenorima | Adenorima Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 112. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Adenorima punicea (Swartz) Rafinesque (Euphorbia punicea Swartz) | |
| Agaloma | Agaloma Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 116. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Agaloma corollata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia corollata Linnaeus) Lectotypified by Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 95. 1840. | |
| Aklema | Aklema Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Aklema nudiflora (Jacquin) Rafinesque (Euphorbia nudiflora Jacquin) | |
| Alectoroctonum | Alectoroctonum Schlechtendal, Linnaea 19: 252. 1846. | TYPE: Alectoroctonum socotanum Schlechtendal Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 459. 1943. | |
| Allobia | Allobia Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 116. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Allobia portlandica (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia portlandica Linnaeus) | |
| Anisophyllum | Anisophyllum Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 159. 1812, non Jacquin 1763. | TYPE: Anisophyllum peplis (Linnaeus) Haworth 1812. (Euphorbia peplis Linnaeus 1753.) = Chamaesyce Gray 1821. | |
| Anthacantha | Anthacantha Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 73. 1857. | TYPE: Euphorbia heptagona Linnaeus Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 485. 1943. | |
| Aplarina | Aplarina Rafinesque, New Fl. 4: 99. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Aplarina prostrata Rafinesque 1838. | |
| Arthrothamnus | Arthrothamnus Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251. 1860, non Ruprecht 1848. | TYPE: Arthrothamnus tirucalli (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia tirucalli Linnaeus 1753.) Lectotypified by Millspaugh, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 306. 1909. = Tirucalia Rafinesque 1838, by lectotypification. | |
| Chamaesyce | Chamaesyce Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 260. 1821. | TYPE: Chamaesyce maritima Gray 1821, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia peplis Linnaeus 1753; Chamaesyce peplis (Linnaeus) Prokhanov 1933) | |
| Characias | Characias Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 259. 1821, non Rafinesque 1815. | TYPE: Characias purpurea Gray (Euphorbia characias Linnaeus) | |
| Chylogala | Chylogala Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2. 17: 150. 1869. | TYPE: Chylogala serrata (Linnaeus) Fourreau (Euphorbia serrata Linnaeus) | |
| Crepidaria | Crepidaria Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 136. 1812. | TYPE: Crepidaria myrtifolia Haworth 1812, nom. illegit. (Tithymalus myrtifolius Miller 1768, nom. illegit.; Euphorbia tithymaloides Linnaeus 1753.) = Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau 1812. | |
| Ctenadena | Ctenadena Prokhanov, Consp. Syst. Tithymal. 28. 1933. | TYPE: Ctenadena lanata (Siebold) Prokhanov (Euphorbia lanata Siebold) | |
| Cubanthus | Cubanthus (Boissier) Millspaugh, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 371. 1913. | BASIONYM: Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau, sect. Cubanthus Boissier, in de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 7. 1862. | TYPE: Cubanthus linearifolius (Grisebach) Millspaugh 1913. (Pedilanthus linearifolius Grisebach 1860.) |
| Cyathophora | Cyathophora Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 117. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Cyathophora heterophylla (Linnaeus) Rafinesque 1838. (Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus 1753.) Typified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 462. 1943. | |
| Cystidospermum | Cystidospermum Prokhanov, Consp. Syst. Tithymal. 25. 1933. | TYPE: Cystidospermum cheirolepis (Fischer & E. Meyer) Prokhanov (Euphorbia cheirolepis Fischer & E. Meyer) | |
| Dactylanthes | Dactylanthes Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 132. 1812. | TYPE: Dactylanthes anacantha (Aiton) Haworth (Euphorbia anacantha Aiton) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 463. 1943. | |
| Desmonema | Desmonema Rafinesque, Atl. J. 177. 1833. | TYPE: Desmonema hirta Rafinesque Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 463. 1943. | |
| Diadenaria | Diadenaria Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 254. 1859 ("1860"). | TYPE: Diadenaria pavonis Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Contr. Gray Herb. 124: 44. 1939. | |
| Dichrophyllum | Dichrophyllum Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249. 1860. | TYPE: Dichrophyllum marginatum Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia marginata Kunth 1817, non Pursh 1814.) | |
| Diplocyathium | Diplocyathium Heinr. Schmidt, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(1): 40. 1907. | TYPE: Diplocyathium capitulatum (Reichenbach) Heinr. Schmidt (Euphorbia capitulata Reichenbach) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 464. 1943. | |
| Ditritra | Ditritra Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 115. 1838. | TYPE: Ditritra hirta (Linnaeus) Rafinesque 1938. (Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus 1753.) Typified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 464. 1943. | |
| Elaeophorbia | Elaeophorbia Stapf, in H. Johnston, Liberia 2: 646. 1906. | TYPE: Elaeophorbia drupifera (Thonning) Stapf (Euphorbia drupifera Thonning) | |
| Endoisila | Endoisila Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 114. 1838. | TYPE: Endoisila myrsinites (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia myrsinites Linnaeus) = Murtekias Rafinesque 1838. | |
| Esula | Esula Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 153. 1812, non Morandi 1761. | TYPE: Esula dalechampii Haworth (Euphorbia esula Linnaeus) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 465. 1943. = Keraselma Necker ex Jussieu 1822. | |
| Esula | Esula Morandi, Hist. Bot. Pract., ed. 2. 72, t. 40(5). 1761. | TYPE: Non designatus. | |
| Eumecanthus | Eumecanthus Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248. 1860. | TYPE: Eumecanthus ariensis (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia ariensis Kunth 1817.) Lectotypified by Millspaugh, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 412. 1916. | |
| Euphorbiastrum | Euphorbiastrum Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252. 1860. | TYPE: Euphorbiastrum hoffmannianum Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 467. 1943. | |
| Euphorbiodendron | Euphorbiodendron Millspaugh, Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305. 1909. | TYPE: Euphorbiodendron laurifolium (Lamarck) Millspaugh (Euphorbia laurifolia Lamarck) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 467. 1943. | |
| Galarhoeus | Galarhoeus Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 143. 1812. | TYPE: Galarhoeus helioscopia (Linnaeus) Haworth (Euphorbia helioscopia Linnaeus) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 468. 1943. | |
| Hexadenia | Hexadenia Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253. 1859 ("1860"), non Hexadena Rafinesque 1838. | TYPE: Hexadenia macrocarpa (Bentham) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Pedilanthus macrocarpus Bentham 1844.) | |
| Kanopikon | Kanopikon Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Kanopikon atropurpureum (Broussonet ex Willdenow) Rafinesque (Euphorbia atropurpurea Broussonet ex Willdenow) | |
| Keraselma | Keraselma Necker ex Jussieu, in Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 24: 387. 1822. | TYPE: Keraselma esula (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia esula Linnaeus) Substitute name for Esula Haworth 1812, non Morandi 1761. | |
| Lacanthis | Lacanthis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 2: 94. 1837 ("1836"). | TYPE: Lacanthis splendens (Bojer) Rafinesque (Euphorbia splendens Bojer) | |
| Lepadena | Lepadena Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 113. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Lepadena leucoloma Rafinesque, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia leucoloma Rafinesque, nom. illegit.; Euphorbia marginata Pursh; Lepadena marginata (Pursh) Nieuwland) | |
| Leptopus | Leptopus Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249. 1860, non Decaisne 1836. | TYPE: Leptopus adiantoides (Lamarck) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia adiantoides Lamarck 1788.) | |
| Lophobios | Lophobios Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 116. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Lophobios terracina (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia terracina Linnaeus) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 469. 1943. | |
| Lyciopsis | Lyciopsis (Boissier) Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 1: 37. 1867, non Spach 1835. | BASIONYM: Unknown | TYPE: Lyciopsis cuneata (Vahl) Schweinfurth (Euphorbia cuneata Vahl) |
| Medusea | Medusea Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 133. 1812. | TYPE: Medusea major (Aiton) Haworth (Euphorbia caputmedusae Linnaeus, var. major Aiton) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 469. 1943. | |
| Murtekias | Murtekias Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 116. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Murtekias myhrsinites (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia myrsinites Linnaeus) | |
| Nisomenes | Nisomenes Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 116. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Nisomenes diffusa (Jacquin) Rafinesque (Euphorbia diffusa Jacquin) | |
| Peccana | Peccana Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 114. 1838. | TYPE: Peccana glauca Rafinesque Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 470. 1943. | |
| Pedilanthus | Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 388, pl. 19. 1812, nom. cons. vs. Tithymaloides Ortega 1773. | TYPE: Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linnaeus) Poiteau 1812. (Euphorbia tithymaloides Linnaeus 1753.) | |
| Pleuradena | Pleuradena Rafinesque, Atl. J. 182. 1833, non Pleuradenia Rafinesque 1825. | TYPE: Pleuradena coccinea Rafinesque 1833. Typified by L. C. Wheeler, Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 58. 1939. | |
| Poinsettia | Poinsettia Graham, Edinburgh New Philos J. 20: 412. 1836. | TYPE: Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willdenow ex Klotzsch) Graham 1836. (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotzsch 1834.) Typified by Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2. 2: 476. 1913. | |
| Sclerocyathium | Sclerocyathium Prokhanov, Consp. Syst. Tithymal. 30. 1933. | TYPE: Sclerocyathium popovii Prokhanov (Euphorbia sclerocyathium Korovin & Popov) | |
| Sterigmanthe | Sterigmanthe Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Köenigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252. 1860. | TYPE: Sterigmanthe splendens (Bojer ex Hooker) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hooker 1829.) = Lacanthis Rafinesque 1837. | |
| Tirucalia | Tirucalia Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 112. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Tirucalia indica Rafinesque, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia tirucalli Linnaeus) | |
| Tithymaloides | Tithymaloides Ortega, Tab. Bot. 9. 1773, nom. rej. vs. Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau 1812. | TYPE: = Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau 1812. | |
| Tithymalopsis | Tithymalopsis Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249. 1860. | TYPE: Tithymalopsis corollata (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia corollata Linnaeus 1753.) Lectotypified by Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2. 2: 469. 1913. = Agaloma Rafinesque 1838, by lectotypification. | |
| Tithymalus | Tithymalus Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. 1754, nom. rej. vs. Tithymalus Gaertner 1790. | TYPE: Tithymalus myrtifolius Miller 1768, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia tithymaloides Linnaeus 1753.) = Pedilanthus Necker ex Poiteau 1812. | |
| Tithymalus | Tithymalus Seguier, Pl. Veron. 3: 91. 1754, nom. rej. vs. Tithymalus Gaertner 1790. | TYPE: Euphorbia pithyusa Linnaeus | |
| Tithymalus | Tithymalus Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 115, t. 107. 1790, nom. cons. vs. Tithymalus Miller 1754, et vs. Tithymalus Seguier 1754. | TYPE: Tithymalus peplus (Linnaeus) Gaertner (Euphorbia peplus Linnaeus) | |
| Torfasidis | Torfasidis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 112. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Torfasidis canariensis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Euphorbia canariensis Linnaeus) | |
| Treisia | Treisia Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 131. 1812. | TYPE: Treisia clava (Jacquin) Haworth (Euphorbia clava Jacquin) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 474. 1943. | |
| Trichosterigma | Trichosterigma Klotzsch & Garcke, in Klotzsch, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248. 1860. | TYPE: Trichosterigma fulgens (Karwinsky) Klotzsch & Garcke 1860. (Euphorbia fulgens Karwinsky 1834.) Lectotypified by Millspaugh, Addisonia 2: 4. 1917. | |
| Tumalis | Tumalis Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838 ("1836"). | TYPE: Tumalis bojeri (Hooker) Rafinesque (Euphorbia bojeri Hooker) | |
| Vallaris | Vallaris Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838 ("1836"), non Burman f. 1768. | TYPE: Vallaria ipecacuana Rafinesque, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia ipecacuanhae Linnaeus) Lectotypified by L. C. Wheeler, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 475. 1943. | |
| Ventenatia | Ventenatia Trattinnick, Gen. Pl. 86. 1802, non Cavanilles 1798 (nom. rej.), nec Ventenata Koeler 1802 (nom. cons.). | TYPE: Ventenatia bracteata (Jacquin) Trattinnick 1802. (Euphorbia bracteata Jacquin 1798.) | |
| Xamasike | Xamasike Rafinesque, Fl. Tellur. 4: 115. 1838 ("1836") | TYPE: Xamasike vulgaris Rafinesque, nom. illegit. (Euphorbia chamaesyce Linnaeus) | |
| Zalitea | Zalitea Rafinesque, New Fl. 4: 98. 1838 "(1836"). | TYPE: Zalitea linearis Rafinesque |